Q. Hi,
I'm new to linux and to shell programming. I have an assignment to create a shell script that shows all the folders, sub folders and files of the current directory. LS does this. But I must count how many duplicate lines each file has, and show the line that is repeated the most times in each file.
I really have no idea where to start. How can I read/compare lines within a file?
Thanks in advance! A. grep . anyFile | sort | uniq | wc
grep . anyFile | sort | wc
If a line is repeated, the output of the top grep code will be less than the bottom one.
How do I download a version of Linux without deleting my windows xp?
Q. I want to download a version of Linux without erasing windows xp. Can someone please give me step-by-step information on how to do this.(If you are familiar with Linux could you please recommed the best version). Thanks.
A. Options to try Linux:
(1) Download what's called a "Live CD". That's a bootable CD which contains the Linux of your choice set up so that it runs directly off the CD and doesn't change your hard drive at all.
* pro: Easiest option to try it out and install it.
* con: Can be slow to boot and run, so if you want to experiment with Linux for days or weeks you might find using a Live CD tedious. Usually can't save anything because you can't write to the hard drive.
(2) Make your system dual-boot. Most Linux distributions allow you to split your hard drive by shrinking the space devoted to your "C:" drive and install Linux in the free space.
* pro: Get the best performance, as you're running directly on the hardware and reading and writing to a hard drive instead of a CD.
* con: Requires a permanent change to your hard disk and a modification of your Windows partition, introducting the possibility of a failure or glitch in this process ruining your Windows partition (I suggest you back up your drive or at least important files when you do this). Also, normally the Windows partition is invisible to Linux and vice versa (though there are tools to remedy this to varying degrees). If you switch a lot between OS'es, can be time consuming to reboot all the time.
* when it's best: Best option when you've decided to use Linux long term and it's the best performer. Also best if you plan to use the computer intensively and for long periods of time.
(3) Use an emulator. One is vmware, but you can find other options. Generally, emulators are programs that emulate a whole x86 computer in software. However, installing directly to your hard drive, you create a file that the emulator uses as a virtual hard disk and install onto that.
* pro: Requires no hardware changes. Can run both OS'es concurrently, so you can do things like cut and paste between the two systems, or even use networking. A good compromise between Live CD's in that it's faster than a live CD, slower than running directly on the hardware.
* con: Can be slower than running than on the native hardware. Some devices may not work properly running under emulation.
* when it's best: This option works best for folks who wish to use Windows mostly and Linux lightly, switching between the two, as the switching effort is next to none. Also best for short-term trials of one or more Linux distributions, as setting up different VM's is very easy.
(4) Loadlin is a system to let you install and run Linux on top of a FAT16 or FAT32 partition (default for Windows 98 and earlier; NTFS is default for NT, XP and later). Technically, you're dual booting and have to reboot to switch OS'es, but you don't need to repartition your drive:
* pro: Avoids the need to repartition
* con: Not an option for most people running XP, unless their drive is already formatted for FAT32.
As for favorite distribution, my current favorite is called "Ubuntu", derived from Debian (see link below). Debian is one of the best distributions but can be a complicated and intimidating setup for someone new to Linux. Ubuntu is a commercially supported derivative with a GUI installer, a friendly and powerful repartitioner, lots of popular and useful utilities built-in, and huge free online repositories available with even more software which can be installed automatically from a friendly GUI-based program.
Others are:
* Fedora Core, based on Red Hat Linux. Perhaps the most widely known and popular distribution in my experience. Broad support in terms of hardware and many programs both free and commercial are built to run on Red Hat, everything from Oracle Databases to freeware media players. Also offers an online package installation system like Debian and Ubuntu, which goes by the name of "yum" (never used it myself though).
* Slackware: A favorite of many Linux veterans. While it lacks the flashiness of more recent entrants like Red Hat, has a reputation for being a solid Linux distribution. In my experience I love setting up servers under slackware because I've had Slackware boxes run longer without crashing than anything else. Many Linux experts like it because of the simplicity with which one can configure it from the command line. However, as it's supported by a very small crew it evolves more slowly than others. An advantage or liability depending upon your point of view.
For others, shop around by visiting DistroWatch. There are many more options, too many to list. Everything from full-featured distributions which have every program under the sun to highly specialized distributions for everything from building parallel compute clusters (Parallel Knoppix, scientific Linux) to building video player boxes (GeexBox)
All the best, and have fun!!
How can I access to an internet connection on linux using the wireless?
Q. I want to access to a wireless connection in a PC with linux (ubuntu 10.04). But I can't find any connection. Lately I realized that the wireless light on my computer (fujitsu Siemens) is turned off. How can I turn it on and access to an internet connection by wireless.
A. Weeks after weeks ppl keep asking this question. The answer is because you are using a free linux that mostly relies on opensource technology and insanely restrictive laws in the USA do not allow to integrate proprietary drivers in open source technology.
Ubuntu is a cute little linux but a nightmare for ppl using wifi, forget about installing the drivers yourself unless you are a programmer. Solution? use a top notch linux like Mandriva Power pack or SUSE linux entreprise they cost money but u pay for windows don t u?
You could always try your luck with linux miint it contains some proprietary drivers but has many bugs we found and translation of many applications in English or other languages is not always proper.
RICK
Nec Projector Review Plastic Shed Reviews Ati Graphic Reviews Nurse Uniforms Reviews Cabochons Reviews Inflatable Water Slides Reviews Barcode Scanner Reviewslinux laptop while its connected to the internet. I want to make a network on my Ubuntu Linux laptop. How?
A. I'm assuming your laptop with the Internet connection is connected with WiFi and the other laptop is hardwired to it with ethernet. You didn't specify a network setup, so this could be totally wrong.
You need to set up NAT on the computer with the Internet connection. Once you have that set up, you should configure the two ethernet interfaces (one on each laptop, they're connected to each other w/ a crossover cable) with IP addresses from a private IP range. You could use something such as 172.16.1.1 (laptop w/ Internet) and 172.16.1.2 (laptop w/o Internet). Then on the laptop w/o Internet, specify it's default gateway as 172.16.1.1.
Don't forget to turn on packet forwarding, this is a common problem that people have and can't seem to figure out:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
This howto explains the process.
http://www.howtoforge.com/nat_iptables
How do I switch my Chromebook back to Linux OS?
Q. I recently bought a Acer C7 Chromebook. The only downfall I could see was that it ran on Chrome OS but I had found I could get ChrUbuntu on it and it would run as a fully functional linux laptop. I did this and it worked but since the Chrome OS still lives on in its own dedicated partition it automatically booted into the Chrome OS when I restarted the computer. I would like to know how to run it back in ChrUbuntu. I know it's still on my computer but I don't know how to boot back into it. Thanks in advance!
A. delete the chrome os & reinstall the chrubintu os
How do I connect Windows and Linux?
Q. I have two laptops behind the same router. Both connect to the internet just fine. One is Windows XP Media Center Edition and the other is Ubuntu 6.06. I'm used to using Windows file sharing to share files between Windows laptops. I want to do something similar now between the Windows and Linux laptop. I just care about reliability, speed, and convenience, not security. What are my options and how do I do it?
A. you need to install samba on your linux machine in order for windows to see your linux files.
on linux, you need to mount the windows share using the mount command. you'll need to use type "cifs".
if you can't figure it out, you could always just use IIS WebDAV on windows and Apache WebDAV on Linux. Same concept and it lets you access files just as you normally would but using the HTTP protocol.
Nec Projector Review Plastic Shed Reviews Ati Graphic Reviews Nurse Uniforms Reviews Cabochons Reviews Inflatable Water Slides Reviews Barcode Scanner Reviewslinux except for most of the programs i use won't work on it. Is there a linux version that will run Yahoo messenger 10, Itunes 9, Frostwire and google chrome? I really don't like pidgin because of the way i use messenger. I have had very little luck with wine.
A. In most cases there is a Linux version or an open source alternative
YAHOO MESSENGER
Try Pidgin again using the directions on configuration
Pidgin is Ubuntu's default instant messaging (IM) client, at least through 9.04, Jaunty Jackalope. It works for a wide range of protocols, including MSN Messenger, AIM, Yahoo Messenger, Jabber, IRC, IRQ and Gadu-Gadu
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Pidgin
Pidgin Frequently Asked Questions (including configuration)
http://developer.pidgin.im/wiki/FAQ
ITUNES
Take a look at these open source options
Rhythmbox
http://projects.gnome.org/rhythmbox/
gtkpod (good for syncing)
http://www.gtkpod.org/about.html
Songbird
http://www.getsongbird.com/
aTunes
http://www.atunes.org/
FROSTWIRE
Frostwire Downloads (including Linux)
http://www.frostwire.com/?id=downloads
GOOGLE CHROME
Google Chrome for Linux
http://www.google.com/chrome?platform=linux&hl=en
There are many other open source software alternatives available a list can be found here
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open_source_software_packages
LUg.
What version do I have to start learning linux?
Q. Which version do I have to start learning linux? What version is commonly used in the enterprise? Do all Linux versions have the same command? What is the difference between the versions of linux?
A. Any. All.
Redhat, Debian, and Ubuntu are common in enterprises. CentoOS is a free version of Redhat.
distrowatch.org.
...
How can I install and replace the new Ubuntu Linux?
Q. Hello everyone !
I have Ubuntu Linux version 9.04 installed in one partition of my laptop. There's a newer better version that has just been released (10.04) And I want to install it, but at the same time replace the old one completely with the new installation.
What is the best way to do this ? The way that it's less error-prone, or the easiest way.
Note. I have Windows installed as well and I use GRUB for dual booting.
A. Ubuntu 10.04 at present is unstable
For the time being I would suggest staying with Ubuntu 9.04 or perhaps an upgrade to Ubuntu 9.10 both of which are fine releases
How To Upgrade Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope) To 9.10 (Karmic Koala) (Desktop & Server)
http://www.howtoforge.com/how-to-upgrade-ubuntu9.04-jaunty-jackalope-to-9.10-karmic-koala-desktop-and-server
Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala) User Guide
http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu:Karmic
LUg.
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What is the best portable Linux for Windows Lover?
Q. I am looking to play around with Linux and I am wonder which one of the portable Linuxes would be the best for someone who is used to Windows.
A. Hii,
You can Use MANDRIVA, it has the almost same features like windows, I mean myself and many of my friend are using it, and we had find it better over other flavours of
linux. Like for Instance.. following are the main features, that we have find Mandriva Linux working as Windows :
(i) No need to download additional packages or plugins to play any audio or video files. As you require in other flavours. for instance in fedora and Ubuntu
(ii) If you want to connect your computer with WIFI, internet, then many a times it has seen that Linux flavors create lots of flavours, as required drivers are not shipped with pakages, you need to download from respective linux forums. No such problem arises with Mandriva, it supports all the drivers to connect with internet, broadcom, WIFI, everything.
(iii) Its packages provide web-cam software as well, where you can even click funny photographs with the software.
(iv) INSTALLATION : easy to install, if compared with other Linux flavours, exception : Ubuntu
(v) Desktop features ,GUI, Terminal are very friendly, and can be easily understood by normal users.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE : If you are looking for powerful desktop features, more animations, more powerful animations and appearance than Windows Vista. Namely you want to concentrate more on looks, graphics and animation feature, go for UBUNTU, provided that you are not looking for more features.
Can you install any software on linux?
Q. If i have linux, can i download any software or buy any computer game, software, etc, and will it play on linux, or is only specific software designed for linux? How does that work, how come you need seperate versions for the different OS?
i thought i clicked on general computers, not sure how this ended up in womens health?
A. hmmm, you posted this in women's health lol. but...linux is different than windows. some windows programs will run in linux, but not all as these are different platforms. whatever you buy will say what platforms it is compatible with
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How to develop a more "Student Friendly" course?
Q. Hello! Folks
I need some suggestions over here. I am working on development of some Linux training courses for a college in my town. I am good at the technical aspects that we are going to teach but didn't have any previous experience in course development. I want to make the course more user friendly and attractive for students. I want to keep student's interest within the course from the start to end of a module. Should we teach every topic with real life scenarios and is it possible? Well, every suggestion is welcomed.
A. I don't know about a real life scenario for every topic, but I'm sure that students would appreciate as much practical application as you can give them. As a non-tech person I always appreciate clear, well defined terms, don't assume people have that knowledge base. Discussion and interaction are always good as well. Good luck!
How to see kernel modules in linux? Q. Hi guys, I m fresher for linux. I just completed my linux training. while in a interview i got agood questionthat is what is the command to see the kernel modules.
A. To see the all loadad module in linux kernel. Use the following command:
$cat /proc/modules
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Good luck
What is the best or easiest Linux to start using LFS on?
Q. I'm starting for the first time to use Linux from Scratch, but it says I have to use it on a 32-bit Linux. Which Linux would be easy to start on?
Any other help about starting to use LFS would help. What is Linux from Script??????????????????
A. Slackware would be a good choice, it includes most (all?) of the tools you'll need to start building your system.
What is the best way to build Linux for Scratch?
Q. I tried to make it my own distro right on my 8 gb hard drive but i ran into sooo sooo many errors like make and configure errors. I wanted to see how someone with experience started off. With a linux-swap partition? I just want everything to run smoothly. Please give me any tips or anything that would help
A. LSF is not for beginners.
Read and follow the directions VERY carefully. Even a slight mistake will result in failure.
1. Read the manual
2. If you have a problem you can get specific help on the IRC or mailing list for LSF. Post exactly what you have done and the errors you get.
Good luck
Nec Projector Review Plastic Shed Reviews Ati Graphic Reviews Nurse Uniforms Reviews Cabochons Reviews Inflatable Water Slides Reviews Barcode Scanner Reviewslinux, can somebody walk me through step by step how to add commands? Also, how to whitelist and black list, also, how to create user groups? Thanks!
A. You need to give a little bit more detail, we need to know if you are using Craftbukkit, or just a regular server, as installing mods that give commands on Craftbukkit servers is WAAY easier, since you just add the jar file into a plugins folder, but on a regular server, each mod's installation varies and it can be complicated.
For white listing, go to the server properties file, then set whitelist to 'true' and then go to the whitelist file and add the usernames of those on the whitlist. A blacklist is not needed as anyone not on the whitelist will not be able to get in, or you can just use the /ban or /banip command that comes as standard.
how to define variables and constants for a linux user account?
Q. Say I created a linux user account called john. John wants to create a variable called MYVAL with the value Hello World in the linux shell (bash)
MYVAL = 'Hello World'
John does not want to redeclare this variable everytime he logs in. Is there some linux config file or start up file john can declare this variable in such that it will populate every time he starts up his machine?
A. Declare them in your .bashrc file by copying and pasting that line
Is there a way to download the mediawiki software and run it on locally for testing purposes?
Q. I'd like to start a wiki, and I've heard that the software is free, but I don't have anywhere to host it now. Is there a way I could set it up just to run locally and not available to the outside internet? (and add pages, edit pages, create user accounts, pretty much fully use it in every way, except locally). Thanks!
A. No problem. I have it running at home on a Linux box with Apache.
You'll need to start by installing a web server. Apache is free, and if you have Windows you can try IIS. There are plenty of tutorials on installing Mediawiki on both.
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How to create a custom linux live CD? Q. Hi,
I want to create a small linux live CD with a few small programs on it (and nothing more, could even be command line only)
Anyone knows how I can do that?
Thanks in advance!
A. Have a look at these web pages they should give you an idea of how to do this.
http://gentoo-wiki.com/HOWTO_build_a_LiveCD_from_scratch
http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/howto-create-live-linux-cd.html
What linux live cd should i get?
Q. I want to get a linux live cd which would you prefer.
I want it to run just like a desktop and reconize all my hardware and play my media and files.
Also can you give instructions on what to burn it as and how to boot it?
A. I'd recommend Ubuntu. It's available at http://www.ubuntu.com/
You might also try reading http://consumer.hardocp.com/article.html?art=MTI5OCwxLCxoY29uc3VtZXI= to get an idea of what it's like to use Ubuntu - it has some nice screenshots and pros and cons.
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What is the most basic linux operating system? Q. What linux distro is the most basic?
I am looking for an operating system that includes:
-command line
-no splash screen when booted
-nothing else.
A. There's no one answer to this question. There are many small Linux distributions. Take your pick.
There's one called Tiny Linux which is pretty small (~7mb).
http://tinylinux.sourceforge.net/
SmallLinux may fit your bill.
http://sourceforge.net/projects/smalllinux/
MuLinux is a minimal distro. It fits on a floppy (1.44mb). Desktop is optional.
http://mulinux.dotsrc.org/
Here's a few lists of other distros that may be what you want. Most of them fit on a floppy disk.
http://www.linuxlinks.com/Distributions/Floppy/
http://computerstuff.jdarx.info/content/floppycd-linux-distributions
If you really want something smaller than that you can make your own distro. But I can't tell you how to do that.
Generally, what are the most commonly used programming languages?
Q. I know my way around Python and Visual Basic. That's about it. I also know some about the Linux command line, especially in Ubuntu context.
Can anyone help me to determine, what are the next several languages I should concern myself with studying?
A. It really shouldn't matter what languages you learn. What's really important is that you learn the patterns and data structures that span all languages. Once you do this, you'll pick up any language in about a couple weeks with no problem. As far as resume building is concerned, I would feel completely confident in landing a development job anywhere with C/C++ skills and a web job with PHP/SQL skills. Generally, C++ is so versatile because you don't have to rely on the underlying runtime frameworks (JRE for java, and .NET for VB/C#) that many companies try to avoid.
Saying that, Java is also a good one to dabble in if you haven't already, though I would not steer too clear of learning how do deal with memory in C/C++.
It's good you know Python, though you'll definitely need a more powerful language if your going to be serious about a career in software.
Get to know how to build makefiles and construct classes and such in C++ on ubuntu. Get to know how to do everything with a command prompt and vi. Once you understand all of this, you become much more powerful as a developer in general.
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Here are some options for installing or trying out Linux
Option One (Full installation)
I thoroughly recommend Linux Mint 8 Main Edition which is built upon Ubuntu 9.10 Its easy to install and easy to use plus it comes with much of the software you are likely to need preinstalled
Linux Mint 8 Download
http://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=44
The Perfect Desktop - Linux Mint 8 (Helena) Installation
http://www.howtoforge.com/the-perfect-desktop-linux-mint-8-helena
Linux Mint 8 Helena User Guide
http://www.scribd.com/doc/23787138/Linux-Mint-8-Helena-User-Guide
You download the ISO. image of Linux Mint 8 then you need to create a Bootable LiveCD for installation
Linux Mint 8 can also be run direct from the LiveCD from Booting up without touching your Hard Drive
Option Two (Install Linux inside Windows)
Installing Ubuntu as a dual-boot with Windows without partitioning
http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/wubi
You keep Windows as it is, Wubi only adds an extra option to boot into Ubuntu. Wubi does not require you to modify the partitions of your PC, or to use a different bootloader, and does not install special drivers. It works just like any other application.
Wubi keeps most of the files in one folder, and if you do not like it, you can simply uninstall it as any other application.
Boot in to windows insert the Ubuntu 10.04 LiveCD and you will offered the option of installing inside windows which is where the Wubi installer comes in, you will be asked how many gigabytes you wish to allocate to Ubuntu (I recommend 8gb) then you set a password for your installation then click install and thats it.
Once Ubuntu is fully installed upon starting your PC you will be given a choice of which operating system you want to use Windows or Ubuntu
Ubuntu 10.04 Download
http://www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/download
Ubuntu 10.04 (Lucid Lynx) User Guide
http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu:Lucid
Linux Mint 9 has a similar feature called mint4win and the directions given above for Wubi can be followed
http://duncsweb.com/2009/09/27/mint4win-a-wubi-based-installer-of-linux-mint/
Linux Mint 9 Download
http://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=52
Ubuntu 10.04 and Linux Mint 9 can also be run straight from the LiveCD without touching your Hard drive
Option Three (LiveCD)
Here the possibilities are endless as you can try out as many different Linux distros. until you find the one thats right for you DISTROWATCH.COM gives full listings (second lists the major distributions)
http://distrowatch.com/
Major Linux Distributions
http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major
LUg.
except for most of the programs i use won't work on it. Is there a linux version that will run Yahoo messenger 10, Itunes 9, Frostwire and google chrome? I really don't like pidgin because of the way i use messenger. I have had very little luck with wine.